Comparasion Essay Abraham Lincoln vs Martin Luther King

Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King Jr. Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King both influenced history at different time for very similar beliefs. They bought fought for civil rights of African Americans who did not always have the rights they have now. They were once slaves and owned by white people .As slaves they were required to do what they were told. A slave had no rights and was treated like a nobody. They were often beaten physically and mentally. Lincoln fought for the freedom of slaves and even went to war for this belief. Once the African Americans were now free from slavery they were not always treated as equals. They were once treated as outcasts and did not begin with white people. Times have changed due to the efforts†¦show more content†¦They were not allowed to be in the front at all. The bus drivers would make them all move to the back. This was also the law at the time. Any black in the font would be arrested an taken to jail. They boycott was when Afr ican Americans stopped taking the bus. This was hurtful to the transit because they were the majority of people who rode the bus. This cause them t hurt financially. The boycott started in 1955 and by 1956, where no ne the busses in alamba and Montgomery were no longer segregated. . King was treated unfairly at times. People would protest at his protest and sometimes be violent , but that did not stop kings fight. Many people believed in kings beliefs and followed him in his marches and protests. Many people were arrested along with king in this fight. The fight was not in vain. Segregation ended in 1967 a battle won for civil rights. . Thy are both known for being great speakers and giving great speeches. Lincolns Gettysburg address is still remembered today. It is one of the most famous speeches in histoy.The Gettysburg address was given after the civil war. He referred back to the revolutionary war when he said four scores and seven years ago. This speech was given at the dedic ation at the soldiers national cemetery in Gettysburg. That is where a lot of soldiers lost their lives and they dedicated it for their final resting place. That is where he read this speech as a memorial for the soldiers. In this speech he talked about equality and

Film Studies Lesson 6 Mcelroy Rough Essay - 961 Words

How do the respective narrative forms of Double Indemnity and Magnolia construct their characters and provide different critical perspectives on social values? Discuss in your essay some of the various narration types and the formal narrative construction of the films characters. However, do not simply provide a list or catalogue of the narrative differences between the two films. A critical and necessary part of the assignment is for you to argue how the narrative construction in each film provides critical perspectives on social values. Paragraphs- character development, narration style, Random- frogs falling from the sky Story- plot- narration are the dimensions of film narration plot describes everything that is presented in the†¦show more content†¦The lack of narration and the jumping from story to story makes the story line pretty difficult to follow. Different characters being introduced and lack of character development makes this movie quite the puzzle. This differs from the character development in Double Indemnity. Narration in Double Indemnity develops the main character as he goes from being in love with Mrs. Phyllis Dietrichson so falling for the younger and more innocent Ms. Lola Dietrichson. The narration and continuous build up of this series of romances, up to the point where Mr. Neff saves Nino from prosecution so that Lola will be happy develops the character of Walter Neff from an unattached insurance salesman to a caring partner in crime. Listening to its not going to stop as if each character could hear the music radiating from Claudia’s living room radio. Character development – each character is at similar points of development throughout the story and has peaks and lows at the same time point in the movie- overcoming personal obstacles. In magnolia, narrator knows that he is a narrator- he narrates from an objective point of view-Show MoreRelatedBrand Case Studies.Docx23428 Words   |  94 Pages1931 when Neil H. McElroy (McElroy), Pamp;G s Promotion Department Manager, formed a marketing division based on competing brands, controlled by a group of employees. The system enabled Pamp;G to design and customize its marketing strategies for each brand... ------------------------------------------------- The Category Management ModelUnder the CMM, the brand managers did not compete against each other with similar product brands -contrary to the idea envisioned by McElroy. For instance, inRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesindexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1 1. Organizational behavior. I. Judge, Tim. II. Title. HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision MakingRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesStudents achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  »

Babel Essy Free Essays

Pain of Loss Imagine yourself without the ability to hear anything, how would your life be compared to how it is now? The deaf are incredible people because they lack the capability of hearing and that can alter the way of communication if they also cannot speak. Even with all these disabilities, they find other ways to communicate using symbols and handwriting. Babel is an award winning movie that displays diversity. We will write a custom essay sample on Babel Essy or any similar topic only for you Order Now They have scenes from Morocco, Japan, Mexico and the United States. Chieko Wataya is one of the main characters in that movie. She is a deaf Japanese girl who has been issing her sense of hearing since she was a child. In Babel, Chieko shows feelings of helplessness, being inadequate and experiences the loss of control throughout the movie. First off, Chieko is missing her sense of hearing which can lead to her feeling helpless. She experiences something horrifying that no one should, by her finding her mother’s dead body with a bullet straight to her cranium. Having that said, she is left with her with her who is always busy. She feels as if her dad does not pay much attention to her even though he is trying his best. An inattentive father can cause feelings of neglect and psychological issues in the future if she is left isolated. With her given situation, she becomes a helpless emotional person. It seems as though her disability to speak and hear has driven her life off the edge sanity. Since Chieko is not an average girl, love is hard to find to her. With her dad always working and not giving her enough attention, she seeks attention somewhere else, which is from her friends and men she does not even know. The inability to speak and hear is majorly ffecting her life and it makes her feel nothing other than helpless. Chieko’s hard life can also make her feel in adequate. While trying to have fun and meeting boys, her friend and her go out to a club called â€Å"I-pop. † During her time there, she is very flirtatious to boys she finds attracting and they give her smiles as a reactions, as if approve of her. Eventually a boy comes and notices her while she plays an arcade game. Girls do not usually play video games, so she could have done this as a call for attention. It took Chieko a while to notice him because she is deaf. The boy is probably wondering if she can even hear him. When she finally notices him, the boy said hi to her. The only probable is that he did not know that Chieko was deaf and incapable of speaking. When he realizes this about her, he Just walks away from her uninterested. As he is walking away from her, she did not seem surprised as if she was used to those kinds of actions. Her self-esteem must be low due to the fact that she cannot speak or hear. She results in a desperate move to get other guys attention by taking off her underwear and show her private part to other boys. She is willing to do this because she thinks she cannot find love any other way. She thinks so low of herself that she offers herself as an item to men and nothing else. These impairments of her senses make her feel that she is not good enough for anybody. Chieko’s lack of senses and the events happening in her life has caused her to experience a loss of control. After witnessing her friend kiss the boy she admires, she feels like she is betrayed. It seemed as though the world around her was falling apart because sne stands stil I in a club while people around ner were dancing This is one of the mains causes to lose her self-control. After she witnesses her friend betray her, Chieko decides to call detective Kenji Mamiya as an act of the loss of self-control. She started telling him a sympathetic story about how her mother died. Chieko lies about her mother’s death saying that she Jumped off the thirty story balcony, but in reality, she had shot herself in the head. That lie is said was possibly the action she was going to do herself as an act of suicide. She mentions this as an attempt to make the detective sorry for her. As the detective is leaving, she tells him to wait and she goes to another room. When she came back, the detective has a shocked looked on his face to see her being fully naked. Chieko tries to seduce the detective as a final attempt to make herself feel happy, but Mr. Mamiya rejects her knowing that she is too young. She eventually realizes her actionsto him and apologizes for it. The loss of control with her emotions has caused her to do these extreme actions only because of the hard life she is living. In the end, feeling helplessness and inadequate has caused Chieko to lose control f herself. As she realizes this, her dad comes home to see her at the balcony. She could have thought of Jumping off to make all her pain go away. She cries and hugs him because she knows she is not truly alone, she has her dad by her side. The absence of her senses has makes her life rough. Speech is not the only way of communication, so Chieko should realize that her life could have been worse. She could have been blind and is not able to see anything. Being deaf may be a hard disability in life, but people can work their way around it. How to cite Babel Essy, Papers

Public Health for Illness and Injury - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePublic Health for Illness and Injury. Answer: Public Health aims at preventing disease, illness, injury as well as promoting the standards of life of human populations. Its actions focus on providing conditions in which individuals can be in good health and pays attention to all members of the community. One of the fundamental characteristics of public health is disease prevention which entails interfering with the chain of causation which comprises of an agent, host and the environment. Environment refers to the extrinsic factors that affect the agent; host refers to a person who is capable of obtaining a disease and agent refers to a disease-causing organism. Interventions that can be used to break the chain of infection include using clean and safe drinking water and immunization (Flemings Parker, 2015). Health promotion through active community participation to influence the leading causes of poor health to improve the quality of life of people. Successfully addressing the multiple determinants of health is key to improving public health. The non-fulfillment of the health care system to advance and provide production strategies to control preventable diseases considerately affects health and the economy. Health improvement by reducing health inequalities and collaborating with other institutions. Ensuring fairness in health is not an easy task since some people prioritize other issues such as proper housing and food while ignoring health which is significant (Flemings and Parker, 2015). Dealing with health issues across populations is vital as it asserts the concept of equity and social justice which are fundamental to public health activity The characteristics of public health are not different from what I have studied in my undergraduate degree. The particular skills that I have acquired in Nursing include advocating for the health and well-being of a patient, undertaking diagnostic tests, educating patients on how to control illnesses, offering guidance, handling medical equipment, documenting medical history and symptoms and delivering medications and treatments. To develop in public health, I need to learn about food safety, environmental management, disease surveillance, infection control, health promotion and health protection which are essential areas. I would like to study on how to ensure the safety of food along the entire food chain and the procedures that are undertaken to detect and respond to public health threats associated with contaminated food. Am interested in training on estimating, recognizing, describing and reducing the harm caused by an outbreak, epidemic, and pandemic. I wish to know about proper disposal and management of waste to guard the human surroundings and their health. Improving the health status of a population through the support of appropriate public health interventions is vital for survival. Learning about infection control will help me initiate and maintain production systems for the prevention and control of infections. Studying about health promotion will help me deduce the health needs of a community and the appropriate evidence-based interventions that can be used to address the wants. Acquiring knowledge of health protection will enable me ensure that the members of the public are always safe from infectious agents and other health risks. References Blas, E. and Kurup, A.S. eds., 2010.Equity, social determinants and public health programmes. World Health Organization. Fleming, M.L, and Parker, E., 2015.Introduction to Public Health eBook. Elsevier Health Sciences. Larkin, M.A. and McGowan, A.K., 2008. Introduction: strengthening public health.Journal of Law, Medicine Ethics,36(3), pp.S4-S4. US Department of Health and Human Services, 1990. Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention ObjectivesNutrition Priority Area.Nutrition Today,25(6), pp.29-39.

A Simple Marketing Task Approval Process to Be More Productive

A Simple Marketing Task Approval Process to Be More Productive Imagine this. Everyone on your team knows exactly what to work on. They knock out high-quality work. The best part? They hit every deadline while they’re at it. And the manager’s role? Leading a simple, two-stage marketing task approval process. Stage one:  you assign a task. Stage two:  you approve the task. Boom. Celebration time. Marketing workflow processes  that actually work are potent productivity boosters. But nestled within every project are tasks that need to be done on time and up to standard. Layering complicated task workflows into your marketing project management process  doesn’t help. Enter today’s post. You’re about to learn a simple, two-stage marketing task approval process that will make you and your team more productive than ever. This process will help marketing managers: Ensure quality standards are always met. Enjoy a nearly-frictionless project management process. Become even better leaders by empowering their team. And it will help marketing team members: Have total clarity on what’s expected of them. Dodge the dreaded feedback void by understanding exactly where their work stands. See a coherent roadmap of what to work on right now in relation to their entire workload. No matter what your role is, this marketing task approval process will cut the clutter and help you do your best, most efficient work to date. but if you’d rather skip the reading and jump straight into getting things done Put Your Marketing Task Approvals On Auto-Pilot With In marketing, there’s an endless swamp of details. There are hidden snags just below the surface that can trip up even the best teams. In turn, this makes running a marketing team at full-speed a challenge. And a frustrating one at that. That’s why we built simple, yet sophisticated, task workflows  to supercharge your output. Recommended Reading: This is How You Supercharge Your Teams Workflows Here’s what your marketing life will look like when powered by task workflows: Avoid static and jump straight into the action  with an ultra-organized task dashboard. Easily assign + schedule tasks with a single click  without drop downs or an endless string of clicks. Benefit from detail-rich tasks  so your team has the context to get the job done right. Prioritize tasks as you see fit  based on overall workload. Rock a seamless combination  of both your personal and team task lists. Enjoy Task Approvals (available on Team Pro plans and higher) as an integrated part of every workflow! This means you can: assign others to review tasks, make decisions faster, and keep track of it all directly in †¦ Say â€Å"sayonara† to endless email threads, constant reminders, and needless interruptions. Schedule a demo  for your team today or snag a free trial  to test drive it in the wild. Master Your Marketing Task Approval Process With Our Free Excel Marketing Checklist Template Up ahead, you’ll get a step-by-step process to master your marketing task approvals. We created the following kit of resources: Marketing checklist template  so your team can march through every task with minimal friction. Marketing team active list  so you can gauge team member workloads at a glance. Marketing project management template Word document  to help supplement your big-picture marketing efforts. Sprint backlog Excel spreadsheet  to plan and manage the scope and timelines of your projects. Snag these docs and follow along as you read today’s post to put everything into action. Alright, let’s rock.

What Fail to Reject Means in a Hypothesis Test

What 'Fail to Reject' Means in a Hypothesis Test In statistics, scientists can perform a number of different significance tests to determine if there is a relationship between two phenomena. One of the first they usually perform is a null hypothesis test. In short, the null hypothesis states that there is no meaningful relationship between two measured phenomena. After a performing a test, scientists can: Reject the null hypothesis (meaning there is a definite, consequential relationship between the two phenomena), or Fail to reject the null hypothesis (meaning the test has not identified a consequential relationship between the two phenomena) Key Takeaways: The Null Hypothesis In a test of significance, the null hypothesis states that there is no meaningful relationship between two measured phenomena. By comparing the null hypothesis to an alternative hypothesis, scientists can either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis cannot be positively proven. Rather, all that scientists can determine from a test of significance is that the evidence collected does or does not disprove the null hypothesis. It is important to note that a failure to reject does not mean that the null hypothesis is true- only that the test did not prove it to be false. In some cases, depending on the experiment, a relationship may exist between two phenomena that is not identified by the experiment. In such cases, new experiments must be designed to rule out alternative hypotheses. Null vs. Alternative Hypothesis The null hypothesis is considered the default in a scientific experiment. In contrast, an alternative hypothesis is one that claims that there is a meaningful relationship between two phenomena. These two competing hypotheses can be compared by performing a statistical hypothesis test, which determines whether there is a statistically significant relationship between the data. For example, scientists studying the water quality of a stream may wish to determine whether a certain chemical affects the acidity of the water. The null hypothesis- that the chemical has no effect on the water quality- can be tested by measuring the pH level of two water samples, one of which contains some of the chemical and one of which has been left untouched. If the sample with the added chemical is measurably more or less acidic- as determined through statistical analysis- it is a reason to reject the null hypothesis. If the samples acidity is unchanged, it is a reason to not reject the null hypothesis. When scientists design experiments, they attempt to find evidence for the alternative hypothesis. They do not try to prove that the null hypothesis is true. The null hypothesis is assumed to be an accurate statement until contrary evidence proves otherwise. As a result, a test of significance does not produce any evidence pertaining to the truth of the null hypothesis. Failing to Reject vs. Accept In an experiment, the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis should be carefully formulated such that one and only one of these statements is true. If the collected data supports the alternative hypothesis, then the null hypothesis can be rejected as false. However, if the data does not support the alternative hypothesis, this does not mean that the null hypothesis is true. All it means is that the null hypothesis has not been disproven- hence the term failure to reject. A failure to reject a hypothesis should not be confused with acceptance. In mathematics, negations are typically formed by simply placing the word â€Å"not† in the correct place. Using this convention, tests of significance allow scientists to either reject or not reject the null hypothesis. It sometimes takes a moment to realize that â€Å"not rejecting† is not the same as accepting. Null Hypothesis Example In many ways, the philosophy behind a test of significance is similar to that of a trial. At the beginning of the proceedings, when the defendant enters a plea of â€Å"not guilty,† it is analogous to the statement of the null hypothesis. While the defendant may indeed be innocent, there is no plea of â€Å"innocent† to be formally made in court. The alternative hypothesis of â€Å"guilty† is what the prosecutor attempts to demonstrate. The presumption at the outset of the trial is that the defendant is innocent. In theory, there is no need for the defendant to prove that he or she is innocent. The burden of proof is on the prosecuting attorney, who must marshal enough evidence to convince the jury that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Likewise, in a test of significance, a scientist can only reject the null hypothesis by providing evidence for the alternative hypothesis. If there is not enough evidence in a trial to demonstrate guilt, then the defendant is declared â€Å"not guilty.† This claim has nothing to do with innocence; it merely reflects the fact that the prosecution failed to provide enough evidence of guilt. In a similar way, a failure to reject the null hypothesis in a significance test does not mean that the null hypothesis is true. It only means that the scientist was unable to provide enough evidence for the alternative hypothesis. For example, scientists testing the effects of a certain pesticide on crop yields might design an experiment in which some crops are left untreated and others are treated with varying amounts of pesticide. Any result in which the crop yields varied based on pesticide exposure- assuming all other variables are equal- would provide strong evidence for the alternative hypothesis (that the pesticide does affect crop yields). As a result, the scientists would have reason to reject the null hypothesis.

Grant Proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Grant - Research Proposal Example stand that democracy is one of the main factors that have made countries such as United States, Britain, France, Japan, etc to be highly industrialized. This is because democracy is able to promote accountability in the governance system of a state. This in turn will minimize corruption, as well as encourage the administrators of a state to work hard, for the purposes of satisfying the various needs of the population. Furthermore, a democratic country has political stability, and the justice system serves every member of the society equally. This research is also interested in this concept of democratization, mainly because of the effects that face countries which are not democratic. For instance, in the year 2007, Kenya was able to experience deadly post election violence because of the undemocratic nature of its leaders (Iraki, 212). The elections were conducted, and because of serious breaches of election laws, President Kibaki won, amid opposition from his competitors. Kenya is not the only country to experience violence because of undemocratic behavior. Other countries include Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Zimbabwe, etc (Kilonzo, 247). Democracy is therefore an important element that countries have to practice in cas e they need to promote political stability, as well as economic development. This paper seeks to analyze democracy and democratic consolidation in Zimbabwe and Kenya. Zimbabwe is a country found in Southern Africa, and it is under the leadership of President Robert Mugabe, who took power in 1987 (Derman and Randi, 37). There are two main political parties in Zimbabwe, ZANU PF, led by President Mugabe and Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) that is led by Morgan Tsvangirai. Robert Mugabe has always been accused of undemocratic practices; initiating policies that would make him cling to power (Derman and Randi, 37). For example, in the 2008 elections of Zimbabwe, there were a variety of irregularities, and this led to the declaration of

Charater notebook Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Charater notebook - Article Example Additionally, Corie illustrates the theme of change as she seeks to change both Paul and Ethel’s preferences to conform to her own specifications. Consequently, she manages to change her mother’s view towards dating again, as the play reveals that Ethel spent the night at Victor’s house after the blind date. (Simon, 1964) After an argument with Paul, Corie manages to throw him out of the house and as a result of the alienation, Paul takes to drinking and adheres to Corie’s specifications of animproper and undignified man. The play is built on the concept of transition as each character tends to transition into new attributes after a different encounter in the play. Ethel was reserved about the blind date between her and Victor and during the blind date, Paul and Ethel sit on their chairs as Corie and Victor dance with the belly dancer. The twist in character changes sees Ethel step out of her comfort zone and spend the night with Victor on their first encounter a fete which Corie would not have anticipated. Paul decides to walk on the snow bare footed irrespective of his prior reservations stating that the snow was 17 degrees. With respect to the circumstance focused on in the play, the author illustrates the theme of change in the different acts. In act one, Corie notes Paul’s conservative attributes and states some instances where his reservations conflicted with her needs. She notes that while they were in a party, Paul kept staring at his coat instead of mingling with other people who were present.Paul is calm, reserved and dejected and only conforms to a given lifestyle due to factors derived from his career and general outlook to life. He appreciates order and is very reserved when he is in contact with new people, he comes across as a shy person but it is revealed that his line of work forces him to embrace his character. In one of their arguments, Corie states that Paul is just a

'Critically examine the relationship between war and underdevelopment' Essay

'Critically examine the relationship between war and underdevelopment' - Essay Example Before analyzing the impact of war on development, the present paper will first provide a precise discussion of factors that cause war. Structural and determinist explanations of the causes of war or violence suggest that circumstances compel people to involve in war. There can be several economic factors relating to grievances, inequality or scarcity; social issues relating to some kind of ethnic, religious or gender differences; or political factors like incompatible claims to power, resources etc. Some other explanations look at the agency problems and claim that war results from the choices that people’s agency choose and their fight is quite rational. If the previous two approaches of explaining the causes of war are combined, then it can be said that people’s choice of getting into violence or war is shaped by the prevailing circumstances, which may be based on some conflicting interests or differing rationalities among groups. There is no doubt that war has numerous negative impacts on social, political and economic life of people. Many people are of the opinion that war negatively affects development of a country or region. Huge costs are involved in war. There are a lot of studies which have described several negative effects of war. Among various types of costs, the economic costs are the most important ones that directly affect the developmental process of a country or region. According to Dreze and Gazdar (Dreze and Gazdar, 1991, p. 930), the economic and welfare consequences that resulted from UN-Iraq Gulf war was more severe than the suffering that resulted directly from the war. There exists a distinction between direct and indirect costs of war on human welfare. Direct costs imply the destruction that the war causes to the civilization, while indirect costs are those that are realized in the later periods. During war several economic strategies are undertaken which produces huge impact, mostly in a negative way on the development. For

Employee Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction Research

Employee Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction Research 1.0 Introduction Every human being has satisfaction and dissatisfaction for certain things. So, employees will have own satisfaction and dissatisfaction for the management team in the company. Employee satisfactions define as how happy for workers are with their job and working environment and dissatisfaction mean the employees not happy with the management or working and environment. Employee is very important for the organization. It is because if without labor, the production line cannot function well and it will lead to loss for the organization. The company that I was interview is SPK wholesale stationary Sdn Bhd and the employee that I was interviewed is Yee Jeun Fui and he was the information technology consultant in the company. Previously SPK were not having any system related to technology for example, bar code system and CCTV system. After Yee Jeun Fui was worked there in year 2009, bar code and CCTV system was installed in the company to get more convenience quality and all the transaction was record by computer system. Besides, the security for the company was also improved because CCTV was installed. 2.0 Body 2.1 Satisfaction 2.1.1 Position Provided The IT consultant mentions that the position provided by the company is satisfied for him. It is because the company gives the all authority about IT for him and then he will feel like he has the power in the company and this is better when compare with previous company. It is because previously he was worked at a computer shop and the shop only provided technician position for him. The opinion of our group is giving higher position and authority to the employee is important. It is because when giving higher position and authority can lead to satisfaction for the employee and then the more efficiency work will come out. For example, the SPK Company was already set up computer system and records all the transaction by using computer and currently is better than earlier, because earlier is using hand writing to record the transaction and now the work is more efficiency. 2.1.2 Holistic Concern Besides, company concern for their employees family was also important and it will also lead the satisfaction for the employee. If a company care about holistic concern for their employee then the employee will me more loyalty for the company it is because the company will giving a feeling to their employees about the company care for human relationship and not too tie follow the rules. The IT consultant giving real example and saying that in year 2009, his grandfather was pass away, and the company was also allowed him to take emergency leave even though that time, he just join the company for few month only. Besides, when his sister registered married in last year, the company also allowed him to take leave to attend for his sisters registered married. According to this two cases, shown that the company care for employees family. 2.1.3 Benefit Furthermore, the company also giving the benefit for employees likes Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Perkerja (KWSP), reward those who are done excellent job as an encouragement to encourage them to improve. Some benefit for the company giving KWSP is make sure their employee after retirement still can maintain their lifestyle. Besides, the company also invite their employee join a trip to have a holiday in oversea. This not only can enhance the relationship between each other and also can learn new knowledge from the trip. 2.2 Dissatisfaction 2.2.1 Salary The information giving by the IT consultant, the salary giving by the company is not reach for his expectation. It is because he needs to cover his petrol fees and the company office is far away from his house. So it means that, he needs to drive all the way from Kulai to Skudai to work every day and the company didnt give the subsidy for his petrol fees. The opinion of our group is salary must be given depends on the requirement of the employee like depend on their capacity level or academic level. For example, company can set their introductory salary for the new employee and depend on their level. Moreover, the transport fees also should be given by the company to fulfill the employees satisfaction then only the turnover rate in the company will become lower. 2.2.2 Stress According information giving by the consultant, the SPK Company is setting up franchise business. In year 2010, one new outlet has been opened in Kulai and it name as V-STAT stationary retailer shop. At the time, before open the new shop, the consultant has to rush up his work to inspect overall process of the new shop. For example, he has to inspect the decorate process; set up a computer system with can link to headquarter and recruit new employee. During the period, he was felt stressful to all these work, because he only was an IT consultant and the work giving by the top are too much. Those work given by the superior let him felt stressful and unsatisfied. Stress is invisible pressure, some of company just wants to achieve the goal set and never concern for their employee by giving more tasks and the task given was out of range. Therefore, the employees will be in stress situation and the work done become lack of quality. So, superior must given task to an employee according to their ability then only the dissatisfaction of employee will not happen. 2.2.3 Poor working environment condition The information given by the IT consultant, sometimes when he working in the office, he does not know what was happened outside, overwhelmingly more important, sometime he cannot distinguish night or day. It was because the working environment does not have window. Besides, the working area was also too narrow and the air conditioning was also not enough in the office. The observation of our group the poor working environment condition was an unhealthy part. It is because the working environment condition leads to employees feel the work was rough boring and doing aimless work. 2.2.4 Location The IT consultant provided the information that the location also will cause dissatisfaction to an employee. It is because the IT consultant lives in Kulai and every day need to drive car to his work place. Some more, he also had to fetch one of the worker of the company to work, it become a responsible for him. For example, sometimes he has urgent work to do; he had to arrange the transport for the worker, sometime he asks his friend to help. On our group opinion, location can cause dissatisfaction of an employee. It is because the location was causes some cases. For example, the IT consultant has to wake up early every morning in order to catch to work. Moreover, the transportation also was a reason. 2.2.5 Too much overtime and working hour Based on the information given by the IT consultant, too much overtime and working hour given by the company. Normally the working hour for him is 8.30a.m. Until 6.00p.m. But because of his superior want to get more business that is students business, his always had to do overtime until 7.00p.m it is because student back home from school on 6.45p.m. So, by this reason lead him to feel dissatisfaction. The opinion of our group, too much overtime will lead to dissatisfaction for an employee, even though the company will pay extra salary, but money is not everything for human being. For example, the relationship of family cannot measure by money and it is important for every human being. 3.0 Conclusion In conclusion, satisfaction and dissatisfaction of employee is an important part to determine success of the company. If a company within high turnover rate, the employee in the company might not be able to perform well it is because lack of trust and understanding of each other by contraries which is low turnover rate, the company can more easily achieve the goal. So every company or organization must try to meet the satisfaction of every employee in order to get better work. Question 2: What are the remedies an organization can undertake to rectify the dissatisfaction of its employees? 1.0 Introduction In an organization, employees always have satisfaction and dissatisfaction on their job. When dissatisfaction happens it can influence on employee working performance, efficiency and attitude on their work. And it will directly cause to the organization. Dissatisfaction because of the employees is not pleased on the organization, so the employees will feel unsatisfied and not happy with the organization. It will cause loss and not good for the organization. 2.0 Body 2.1 Not be respect and trust Employees need to be respect and trust by the upper management. If not it can let employees feel dissatisfaction with the company. Because that, the company are giving too many task and pressure to them, so they will feel unsatisfied and unhappy on the work. And this will cause the employees leave the company. For overcome this factor, company can organize some activities that employees wish to want. As for what activities should organize, employees should given the chance to voice out their suggestions. Here are some of the activities that suggested by the employees that we have interviewed, which are co-diner or outing with colleagues or company, and family gathering together. They just want to get together with their colleagues or friends, enjoy with them in the absence of work and without pressure. As an upper management, they should always try to accept employees ideas. This is a very good way to resolve the dissatisfaction of employees. This is because employees feel that they are respected by company once their opinions or ideas are accepted by company. 2.2 Lack of skills and knowledge Furthermore, some employees feel that working for the company will not lead to the kind of future they want. This means that, although some employees do not like their own job but are still forced to work on that due to the lack of skills and knowledge. Whats more, employees will feel boring or listless during working if they are not interested with the job that they in. By this, the sales might be drop. Thus, company has to know what their employees needs are in order to rectify the dissatisfaction of employees. Firstly, company should make a better recruitment and selection. As we mentioned that, training is available for employees in this company. Therefore, employees will learn and know more skills and knowledge than previously after they have been trained. For example, an organization can try for a new strategy, which is switching the employees from one section to another section once three months or half year. With good skills, employees can easily switch from one part to another part. By this, they not only will not feel tired or bored to their job, but also interested in their work. The most importance thing is they have put the right resource to the right position or area. In addition, company can give their employees the opportunity for promotion according to their performance. For example, if an employee helped company by increasing sales or solve the problems faced, this particular employee should given an opportunity for promotion. The company should give their employees a chance by offering them position or status together with power. Of course, they should be the one who possess the quality that is needed. 2.3 Company policy Company policy is one of the reasons that lead to dissatisfaction of employees. Moreover, some employees are dissatisfied with their immediate supervisor whom provides a not enough role model as they doing nothing while others are busy and tired in doing job. This can be considered as a serious problem and must be rectified as soon as possible. For example, you ask yourself; will you happy if your immediate supervisor assigned all the work for you and after that, they just sit there and doing nothing? In this case, company should give warning to that particular supervisor. Additionally, company should let them know that its important to let people follow you willingly. You should have the same side with your people if you wish to follow by them willingly. Once people are willing to follow you, this means that dissatisfaction has been resolved. 2.4 Lack of Supportive team Lack of team spirit and level of cooperation among employees is one of the causes of dissatisfaction of employees, which means that they are desire to work together with the others. There might be a situation that a group of friends work in different section. And, they feel that its not very satisfied as they have no chance to work together. Normally, people will enjoy their work if they are work together with friends. In addition, lack of cooperation or team spirit between employees could bring an effect to a company due to miscommunication between employees might happen, and, might lead to some bad things happen. This is because there might not close to each other due to the lack of cooperation. When there is something happen, people will tend to blame each other. To resolve this dissatisfaction, the company has to creating a supportive team environment to support their employees strengths and help them overcome their weaknesses. Further more, the employee will be more teamwork in working with colleague and less conflict happens, it will lead the company become more successful. 2.5 Too much of Overtime and working hour Too much of overtime or working hour too long will also can be dissatisfaction on the employees. This happen because of they had to spend most of time on work and less with their family, and it will let them cannot gather and some more only meet their family member few time in a week, so it will let them be not satisfied. Normally, people are more towards to personal individual interest and they are family oriented. Dissatisfaction of employees can be caused easily because of they do not have much chance to gather with their family, outing with them, or co-diner with them. Therefore, company should let their employees to balance up between their family and work, which is called holistic concern. Show holistic concern to the employees and their family, it would give employees be satisfied with the company and they will more loyalty to the company. 2.6 Poor welfare provide Company welfare is defined as realized that the employee is the most important resource, the company have many beneficial development programs for their employee. Not only salary is important for the employee, the welfare are also very important for them. So, if the company is provided poor welfare for the employee, the employee will be not satisfied and they might transfer to others company. Because of that, the company is not support them for some necessary needs. To solve this problem, the company can provide better welfare to the employee. For example, provide transport, health care, give them to continue their further studies and buy insurance for them. They can be satisfied by these elements because the company are sincerely and show support on them. So, the employees will willingly to stay and continue work in the company. 3.0 Conclusion In conclusion, dissatisfaction is a very serious problem that faced by the employees and it directly caused to the company. The company must be take action to rectify this kind of problem, because employees is the main power working for the company, if they feel unsatisfied with the company, they will leave the company or no mood to work. Therefore, the company must find out the remedies to rectify the dissatisfaction faced by the employees. References Organizational Behavior, Hiriyappa, B, 2009, New Age International, Viewed 20/03/11. Work Values and Organizational Behavior, Stashevsky, Kolowsky Sagie, December 2002, Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, Viewed 20/03/11. Managing Organizational Behavior, Sims, Ronald. R, June 2002, Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, Viewed 21/03/11. http://books.google.com.my/books?id=zb0cItqvLJUCpg=PT315lpg=PT315dq=holistic+concernsource=blots=IoDnL6htIFsig=2m8_eWjEKbTYgjSE72JnJuJgWT0hl=enei=-7qITf6jEMymrAe45K3RDgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepageq=holistic%20concernf=false, Viewed 22/03/11. http://www.techrepublic.com/article/creating-supportive-engaging-work-environment-helps-fight-employee-burnout/5035231, Viewed 22/03/11. Bibliography Organizational Behavior, Hiriyappa, B, 2009, New Age International, Viewed 20/03/11. Work Values and Organizational Behavior, Stashevsky, Kolowsky Sagie, December 2002, Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, Viewed 20/03/11. Managing Organizational Behavior, Sims, Ronald. R, June 2002, Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, Viewed 21/03/11. http://books.google.com.my/books?id=zb0cItqvLJUCpg=PT315lpg=PT315dq=holistic+concernsource=blots=IoDnL6htIFsig=2m8_eWjEKbTYgjSE72JnJuJgWT0hl=enei=-7qITf6jEMymrAe45K3RDgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepageq=holistic%20concernf=false, Viewed 22/03/11. http://www.techrepublic.com/article/creating-supportive-engaging-work-environment-helps-fight-employee-burnout/5035231, Viewed 22/03/11.

Comparing Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Our Time Essay

Soul Writing in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Our Time      Ã‚  Ã‚  Real writing, soul writing is dangerous; there is an intrinsic, gut-churning element of risk within the process of telling the truth, a risk that yields an adrenaline rush that parallels skydiving and skinny-dipping. The thrill of one's own truth displayed nakedly in little black letters on a white page is scary and beautiful, both chaining and freeing. The issue for authors, like skydivers, is that after they jump out of the plane (start writing) the fears don't disappear. The diver-author asks herself, "Should I really be doing this... What if my parachute doesn't work... What if I'm misunderstood?" Harriet Jacobs and John Edgar Wideman undergo this free-fall, these fears. In the telling of their stories, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (Jacobs) and Our Time (Wideman), each author is self-conscious. Both authors tell about a minority in their stories; Jacobs speaks of the female slave and Wideman speaks of the African-American gangster. Because they tell the story of a minority to a majority, they can't afford to be misunderstood. They also can't afford to write solely in metaphors because they not only must prove their competence through reserved analysis but also must appeal to the hearts and minds of their audience.    The authors must bring middle class white readers as close to the slave plantation or the Ghetto or the prison cell as possible. For this reason, both authors refer to the reader with questions. This rhetorical device forces the reader to place herself in the situation of the main character. For example, when discussing the abuse she took from her master, Dr. flint, Jacobs asks, "But where could I turn for protection?"(47... ...nd unresolved, not because the authors are incompetent, but because the issues that they write about don't have resolutions. The readers are left with the same frustration as the authors. Past can't be erased, roles can't be traded, and sympathy can't be transformed into empathy. But the sheer act of writing and publishing their stories is a resolution. While to jump off the plane is terrifying, and wind stings the face as one falls, once on the ground the writer can find resolution purely in the explanation itself, even if it ends unresolved.    Works Cited Jacobs, Harriet.   "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl."   The Classic Slave Narratives.   Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr.   New York: Mentor, 1987. Wideman, John Edgar. "Our Time" excerpted in Ways of Reading (4th edition), David Bartholomae and Anthony Petrosky, eds. (Boston: Bedford Books, 1996).

Columbia Coffee Study Juan Valdez

1. Procafecol S. A. Basic information 1. 1. Development and History CH2. Participants in international business – Say if Procafecol is Multinational enterprise (MNE), Small and medium-sized enterprise, or the born global firm CH1. Why Colombia trade coffee? Theories advantages, etc. Coffee was introduced in Colombia in the late 1700s and the first commercial production began in the early 1800s. Despite these early developments, the consolidation of coffee as a Colombian export did not come about until the second half of the 19th century.The great expansion that the world economy underwent at that time allowed Colombian landowners to find attractive opportunities in international markets. Little by little, the United States became the most important consumer of coffee in the world, while Germany and France became the most important markets in Europe. In 1927 the National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia (FNC) was created to help the Colombian coffee growers on structuri ng a very traditional and atomized sector.In 1959, during a crisis that came about due to instability of the coffee trading price, the FNC decided to work with Doyle Bernback, an advertising agency (ex DDB) with the goal of building a strong symbol, highly identi? able, that would allow them to promote the speci? cities of the Colombian Coffee and sell the production at a higher price than the current market price. Presently, Colombia is the second largest coffee producer in the world (after Brazil). It accounts for almost 12% of the world’s total production. Coffee accounts for 8% of Colombia’s GDP.A personi? ed brand since its creation Following the advice of the advertising agency, Juan Valdez was personified since its creation. He would be the symbol of a Colombian coffee grower worldwide. A mere six months after the launch of the campaign, 87% of the American people associated Juan Valdez with Colombian coffee. In 1961, Juan Valdez was launched on the European mar ket with similar success. Since then, a limited number of actors have personi? ed the emblematic coffee grower focused on protecting the traditions that make his coffee the â€Å"best in the world†.Between 1959 and 2000 more than 750 million dollars were allocated to develop the image of Juan Valdez and to promote the Colombian coffee. Transformation into a commercial icon After a particularly dif? cult political and social period it was really important for the FNC to help the Colombian coffee growers in both economic and social aspects. Procafecol SA was created in 2002 by Fedecafe Federacion Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia, being the major shareholder along with Colombian coffee growers which own 13,000 shares.Since 2004, the company has been fully responsible for the operation of Juan Valdez ® stores in the country and in 2006 began the distribution of packaged coffee in retail and horeca (hotels, restaurants, catering) channels. Juan Valdez is also offered to passeng ers of Avianca, the most important airline in Colombia. In a coffee market where prices and margins are really low, a diversi? cation strategy is indeed really pertinent considering the gross margins of gourmet coffee houses (Starbucks, Colombus Cafe†¦ and even more if we consider its direct relation with coffee growers as a strong competitive advantage. Positioned as Gourmet Since the beginning of the project it was made clear that the Tiendas Juan Valdez ® are a chain of coffee houses focused on selling coffee products to the consumers. These coffee houses were created to be a part of the coffee supply-chain and to strengthen the awareness of the Colombian coffee. This would gradually increase the incomes of Colombian coffee growers, historical mission of the FNC.Since their launch, the Tiendas Juan Valdez ® was designed to reach the up-market, with an ambiance mixing the Starbucks standards and the touch of a Lounge coffee shop of Barcelona. The warm colors symbolize Sou th American tradition, however they also exhibit luxury and a calm atmosphere. The ? rst Tiendas outlets were opened near business centers, high-end malls and trendy sectors of the cities. Since its creation, this ambitious project based its expansion on a 3 step strategy: 1. Colombian Pilot (2003-2006) 2. International Pilot (2004-2007) 3.International Development (2006 -†¦) In 2003, year that the project was launched, 10 coffee houses were opened in Colombia. Since 2004, this international expansion made possible the creation of 10 coffee houses in the USA (Washington, New York, Seattle, Philadelphia) and 2 in Spain (Madrid) 3/ Strengthening the brand image and the commercial development Renewal of the icon In order to sustain the international development of the project it was considered as important to renew the image of the Juan Valdez person, taking care of preserving its historical values.Since 1994, according to the recommendations of the DDB agency, a new advertising c ampaign was created to conquer the youth segment. Juan Valdez was acting in different TV commercials and Out Of Home formats where his codes (hat, poncho, moustache) were shown in extreme situations (sur? ng, snowboarding, hang-gliding†¦), with the strong presence of the historical logo, seal of authenticity and quality for the consumer.This innovative mix had enormous success in the USA and was awarded in 2005, during the New York AdWeek, it was named as top icon of the year in the USA, even before Ronald McDonald or the Nike Swoosh. Diversifying to fashion Propelled by the commercial success of the Tiendas Juan Valdez ®, Procafecol decided to develop a line of alternative products around the authentic image of Juan Valdez. From coffee mugs to umbrellas, more than 50 products were created and sold to consumers. In 2006, the ? rst clothing collection based on the historical icon was launched.In trendy neighborhoods of Bogota you may ? nd executives with a Juan Valdez jacket o r women with the latest model of a leather handbag. Gaining the European market When considering the conquest of the European market, the FNC did a thorough analysis of the consumption trends. Two ? gures impacted the directors of the Federation: European consumers are willing to pay 10% more for a product with a European Label and 73. 9% of them consider it as a quality seal. In September 2007, after 33 months of legal procedure, Colombian coffee became the ? st non-European product to obtain the PGI European Label (Protected Geographical Indication). Juan Valdez could now develop its commercial strategy and think of opening new coffee houses. Two were just created in Madrid while Paris and Moscow are now on the list of the international expansion plan of the Colombian Federation. By the end of 2007, the FNC and Procafecol were running more than 100 coffee houses in Colombia, 10 in the USA and 2 in Europe. They are now launching a new coffee house per month and want to make 2008 th e year of their European expansion. 1. 2. Juan Valdez BrandDescribe who Juan Valdez, what the brand represents, is and general details about it. Principal characteristic of the brand, why it is known, importance and recognition of Colombian coffee 1. 3. Strength of identity: Colombian Coffee To understand the influence of GI among Colombia the following four elements represent its national advantage in coffee industry. Factor conditions Due to the uniqueness of topographical factors and two rainfall seasons creates strongly national advantages. 6. 4% of total area of Colombia is cultivation zones, and 12% of coffee production area producing â€Å"GI coffee†.It provides 11 to 12 million production possibility per year. In addition, in 2010, there were 990 airports with 196 thousand air transport carriers, 6 ports and terminals with 2 million port container traffic, 874 km railway routes, 141,374 km roadways (CIA 2010 and The World Bank 2010). 18% of total 22. 5 million labour force involving agriculture, there have been an increasing number of producers after joining GI (Figure1) (Gomez, 2007) as well as foreign direct investment with 6. 7 billion in 2010 (The World Bank 2010). Demand conditionsThe demand of domestic market is one of important forces for development of industry. Compared to other countries, Colombia had lower needs of domestic market, which has low per capita consumption with 2. 8 kg only 5% of total national coffee production ( Benni, N. E. and Reviron, S. 2009). The domestic consumption did not increase even joining GI system, maintained at 1,400 thousands bags from 2007 to 2010 (Figure 2). Related and supporting industries In this factor, Colombian coffee industry has lower related and supporting industries.These industries and processes are mostly run by family or small businesses, due to the relatively simple methods and low investments needed. Firm strategy, structure and rivalry As one of well know coffee producer, Colombia has su ccessfully increased its competitiveness via sophisticated marketing strategies of the FNC. It applies trademark and certification mark to protect Colombian coffee. Since registered GI it has increased consumer’s awareness and creates better advantage against other competitors

Free Essays on To His Coy Mistress

At first glance, Andrew Marvell’s poem â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† is a fairly typical carpe diem poem, in which the speaker tells his beloved that they should â€Å"seize the day† and have sex now instead of waiting until they are married (Meyer 728). In today’s world, the speaker’s speech may seem sexist in its attitude toward women and irresponsible in its attitude toward the coy mistress; however the speaker does not explain how he would seize the day if the woman became pregnant. Still, if we look beyond the limited perspective of the speaker himself, we can see that Marvell is making a statement. He implies how all of us, regardless of gender or involvement in relationships, should savor the pleasures of the moment. The mistress would like to postpone sex, at least until she and the speaker are married; however, the speaker wants to consummate their physical relationship now. Each viewpoint has its reasons, and certainly the woman in the poem would stand to lose sensibly from premarital sex. Marvell, however, is not suggesting that unrestrained lust is preferable to moral or ethical restraint; sex is only the subject matter, not the theme of the poem. In my opinion, Marvell’s actual point here is that we should savor the unique experiences of each present moment. To convey this theme, the poet uses irregularities of rhyme, rhythm, and meter to undermine the mathematically neat but artificial patterns of the poem. Although the rhyme scheme of the poem follows a simple couplet pattern (AA, BB, and so on), two couplets use irregular rhyme, not only to vary the monotonous pattern but also to reinforce the poem’s theme (Meyer 878). Lines 23 and 24 use the approximate rhyme â€Å"lie/eternity† while lines 27 and 28 repeat this irregularity with â€Å"try/virginity.†(Meyer 835). The first couplet suggests that the future that lies before us is in no way desirable: â€Å"deserts of vast eternity† imply a threatening rather... Free Essays on To His Coy Mistress Free Essays on To His Coy Mistress At first glance, Andrew Marvell’s poem â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† is a fairly typical carpe diem poem, in which the speaker tells his beloved that they should â€Å"seize the day† and have sex now instead of waiting until they are married (Meyer 728). In today’s world, the speaker’s speech may seem sexist in its attitude toward women and irresponsible in its attitude toward the coy mistress; however the speaker does not explain how he would seize the day if the woman became pregnant. Still, if we look beyond the limited perspective of the speaker himself, we can see that Marvell is making a statement. He implies how all of us, regardless of gender or involvement in relationships, should savor the pleasures of the moment. The mistress would like to postpone sex, at least until she and the speaker are married; however, the speaker wants to consummate their physical relationship now. Each viewpoint has its reasons, and certainly the woman in the poem would stand to lose sensibly from premarital sex. Marvell, however, is not suggesting that unrestrained lust is preferable to moral or ethical restraint; sex is only the subject matter, not the theme of the poem. In my opinion, Marvell’s actual point here is that we should savor the unique experiences of each present moment. To convey this theme, the poet uses irregularities of rhyme, rhythm, and meter to undermine the mathematically neat but artificial patterns of the poem. Although the rhyme scheme of the poem follows a simple couplet pattern (AA, BB, and so on), two couplets use irregular rhyme, not only to vary the monotonous pattern but also to reinforce the poem’s theme (Meyer 878). Lines 23 and 24 use the approximate rhyme â€Å"lie/eternity† while lines 27 and 28 repeat this irregularity with â€Å"try/virginity.†(Meyer 835). The first couplet suggests that the future that lies before us is in no way desirable: â€Å"deserts of vast eternity† imply a threatening rather... Free Essays on To His Coy Mistress To His Coy Mistress Before paraphrasing the poem itself, I must first start with the title. The speaker is telling of his unending love to his â€Å"coy mistress.† But at the time this poem was written, in the late 17th century, a mistress was not the lover of a married man. Instead, it refers to a woman who is loved and courted. Coy is defined as shy and modest. The speaker is telling his coy mistress that if there were enough time in the world, her shyness would be no crime because time would not be a factor. They could sit down and pass the days just loving each other. He (the speaker) would sit by the river Indian Ganges, and write love songs about her. He would love her for eternity, and she could always refuse him, because without time as a factor, there would be no rush. His love for her would grow slowly, slower than empires grow. He would praise her eyes for a hundred years, and praise each breast for two hundred years. He would spend thirty thousand years praising the rest o f her body; he would dedicate an entire age to each part of her. Saving the best for last, he would spend an age talking of her heart. He loves her so much that she deserves all this praise, and he cannot imagine loving her any less than he does; he cannot imagine giving her any less praise than she deserves. But this is not possible, because he knows that time is short; our lives are short indeed compared to the time it would take him to properly praise her. Because life is so short, because â€Å"Time’s winged chariot hurr[ies] near† (line 22) she would be dead long before he got done praising her. She would no longer be beautiful, and she would not hear his songs of love, because she would be dead, buried underground. Before he could take her virginity, the worms would eat her. Her honor would turn to dust as she decomposes, just as his lust would turn to ash, because they will both be dead. There is humor in the statement â€Å"Th... Free Essays on To His Coy Mistress Poetry Essay â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† a poem written by Andrew Marvell is one of the most famous carpe diem poems ever written. Carpe diem means to seize the day. Marvell’s poem is about a young man trying to persuade his mistress to have sex with him. The young man is using a tripartite form of an argument, using figurative language to try and persuade his mistress to have sex with him. The young man’s argument is divided into three stanzas of the poem. In the first stanza, the young man is using figurative language to let his mistress know how much he would love her if he had a lot of time. Next, in the second stanza the young man is using figurative language to tell his mistress that time is running out and what will happen when it does. Lastly, in the third stanza the young man uses figurative language to tell his mistress now would be a good time to have sex. The figurative language used in each stanza, comes together to form the carpe diem theme. In the first stanza of the poem the young man says,† Had we but world enough and time this coyness, lady, were no crime†(1-2). He is stating that if the two had all the time in the world that he would not mind his mistress acting reluctant. The young man is saying if they had the time,† My vegetable love should grow vaster than empires, and more slow.†(11-12). The young man is stating that his flourishing love for his mistress would grow larger than empires but a lot slower, if they had the time. If he had,† World enough and time†(1), â€Å" An hundred years should go to thine eyes, on thy forehead gaze, two hundred to adore each breast, but thirty thousand to the rest. An age at least to every part†(13-17). The young man is letting his mistress know he would spend countless years on each part of her body, if they had the time. The young man is pointing out what he would do if he had a lot of time, by using figurative language. This part of the argument i... Free Essays on To His Coy Mistress Love spans horizons, but empires span centuries. In Andrew Marvell’s â€Å"To His Coy Mistress†, the speaker uses the fourteenth century poetic mode of patriarchal convention to emphasis the themes of insult and irrationality. The themes are communicated through various forms of figurative language, different types of poetic form, and subconscious propaganda that is emitted from the carpe diem tradition. Further observations into the speaker’s method of courtship reveals attributes of manipulative behavior. Love spans horizons, but empires span centuries. In Andrew Marvell’s â€Å"To His Coy Mistress†, the speaker uses the fourteenth century poetic mode of patriarchal convention to emphasis the themes of insult and irrationality. The themes are communicated through various forms of figurative language, different types of poetic form, and subconscious propaganda that is emitted from the carpe diem tradition. Further observations into the speaker’s method of courtship reveals attributes of manipulative behavior. The speaker’s verbal artistry is a compelling drama that envisions no shame, showing how can a man fill a woman’s heart with empty promises and concepts and still walk proudly â€Å"through the iron gates of life† (line 44). The speaker’s intentions are obvious to the reader; sex today and love tomorrow. Various forms of figurative language such as allegories, similes, symbolism, and metaphors represent the intentions of the speaker. Allegorical images of walking by â€Å"the Indian Ganges’ side† (5) while waiting â€Å"two hundred years to adore each breast† (15) are logically impossible considering the time period’s difficulty with travel and health. The use of simile contradicts the speakers own concept of forever lasting love when he offers his lady to act â€Å"like amorous birds of prey† (38) and act upon primal instincts, which is suggestive of participating in savage lust. What...

Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn essays

Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn essays Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn is known as one of the most influential painters of his time because of his original style of painting. Though he faced many tragedies in his life, he managed to create some of the most exquisite works of his era. He is known for incredible use of chiaroscuro in his works. His pieces also contain a subtle darkness that manages to captivate the human soul. Rembrandt's life, believe it or not, was not one to be desired. He was born on July 15, 1606, in Leiden. His father was a poor miller. Though they did not have much, they made sure that their son would get a good education, so they sent him to the Latin School. He attended there until he turned fourteen, when he decided to go to Leiden University. After a short stay there, he left to pursue his study of art. He first studied with Jacob van Swanenburch, and later with Pieter Lastman, a famous historical painter, in Amsterdam. It took only six months for Rembrandt to master the arts from Lastman, and he then returned to Leiden. Though he was only twenty- two years old, he began to receive his own pupils. Rembrandt was an accomplished student of the arts, which enabled him to achieve so much at a young age. In 1631, Rembrandt moved to Amsterdam where he was married to Saskia van Uylenburgh in 1634. She was related to a wealthy art dealer, which helped Rembrandt's career tremendously. By 1641, Saskia had given birth to four children, but only one, Titus, had survived. Unfortunately, the year after that, she passed away. Saskia's death marked a decline in events in Rembrandt's life. Though he re-married in 1649 to Hendrickje Stoffels, he was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1656. Though this was a low point in his life, Rembrandt managed to create some of his best works, such as The Jewish Bride, Jacob Blessing the Sons of Joseph, and Bathsheba. Near the end of his life, Rembrandt was visited by death, but this time it took his wife a...

Financial Analysis for Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Analysis for Managers - Essay Example Thus, companies often pay dividends in order to attract potential investors, retain current ones who are more sensitive to cash inflows from investment and indicate their strong financial muscle. In various studies, it has been apparent that declaration and payment of dividends bid up the price of the company's stock making the payment. Payment of dividends which is coupled by capital gains truly maximize the wealth of stockholders. Even if Microsoft is recognized because of its financial strength, the company can opt not to issue dividends. It should be noted that most investors are very much interested in acquiring ownership of this company because of its financial viability and brand equity. The continuous appreciation of its share in the market can suffice and dividends are not really necessary to complement this. It should also be noted that the business organization will only be shedding out million dollar funds which it can use to finance its R&D and provide more value to its stockholders. However, one of the detrimental effects of not issuing dividends will be the reaction of stockholders who feel more secure with steady cash inflow from their investments. It should be noted that the company can also undergo lawsuits for not paying its owners amidst its strong financial position. The tax treatment for dividends and capital gains often becomes a consideration of a business organization in its choice of dividend policy. In the United States, there has been a heated debate on the taxation of dividends. As both business organizations and investors receiving the dividend are taxed, double taxation together with the high tax rates has discouraged issuance of dividends. For example business organizations which report a pre-tax profit of $100 will be required to pay corporate tax of $35. The remaining $65 will also be taxed if the company will declare all of this as cash dividends.  Ã‚  

Internal audit and corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Internal audit and corporate governance - Essay Example Although internal auditors are characteristically accountants, this activity can also be carried out by other qualified experts who are knowledgeable with the company's functions as well the necessary regulatory requirements. (Friedberg, 2004) The span of internal auditing in an organization is expansive and it may engage internal control issues such as the effectiveness and efficiency of business processes, the consistency of financial reporting, preventing and inspecting fraud, protecting resources and other important assets, and observance with the laws and organizational strategies. (Friedberg, 2004) Internal auditing repeatedly requires measuring observance with the businesses' policies and procedures. Nevertheless, internal auditors are not accountable for the implementation of business activities; they give advice to the senior management on the subject of how to better accomplish their responsibilities. Management is responsible for internal control. (Friedberg, 2004) Management sets up the course of action and designs processes to facilitate the organization in achieving particular objectives in each particular field. Internal auditors perform audits to evaluate whether the policies and processes designed are operating effectively and provide recommendations for improvement. (Friedberg, 2004) To execute their responsibility efficiently, internal auditors have need of self-rule from management, to facilitate open and clear assessment of organizational activities and personnel. Although, internal auditors are part of company management and are paid by the company, but the most important client of internal audit activity is the body charged with supervision of management's actions. (Friedberg, 2004) Internal auditors may also help businesses' commence and retain Enterprise Risk Management processes. The Internal auditors also play an imperative task in facilitating businesses' to carry out a top-down risk assessment. In these concluding two fields, internal auditors usually are part of the project team in an advisory position. Based on a risk evaluation of the business, the internal auditors, and the senior management determines where to concentrate the internal auditing uphill struggle. (Rezaee, 2002) Internal auditing activity is normally carried out as solitary or as more distinct projects. A characteristic internal audit plan comprises of the subsequent measures. First and fore mostly, it begins with establishing and sharing the degree and purpose for the audit to appropriate management. This is followed by developing an understanding of the business division in evaluation. This encompasses objectives and significant operation types, it involves analysis of credentials and dialogues; flowcharts and accounts may be created if necessary. (Rezaee, 2002) Then the identified control measures are used to make certain that each crucial business transaction is correctly controlled and scrutinized. After that, the internal auditors work out and execute a risk-based sampling and examining approach to find out whether the a good number of important controls are working

Biomechanics - Body Movements Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biomechanics - Body Movements - Assignment Example The two muscles are antagonistic to each other. The biceps brings about flexion while the triceps is responsible for extension of the upper arm. The upper end of the biceps has its origin from the scapula and its lower end is inserted on the radius bone lying on the medial aspect of the forearm. The muscle is located in the front portion of the forearm. Contraction of biceps brachii in response to nervous stimulation causes flexion i.e. the forearm is raised in an upward movement. The muscle is therefore categorized as a flexor muscle. In response to the flexion, i.e. when the biceps contracts, the antagonistic triceps muscle relaxes simultaneously. The triceps is located in the posterior portion of the upper arm with its origin from the scapula as well as the humerus bones. The point of insertion of triceps is at the olecranon process of the ulna, the long bone in the forearm located on the lateral side. Contraction of the triceps straightens or extends the arm and this is the reaso n for its classification as an extensor muscle. The movement follows the pattern of a lever of the third order, wherein the load is located at the hand, and the fulcrum at the elbow (Peterson & Bronzino, 2008). 2) In no more than 250 words describe the function of the skeleton and its importance in movement. The human skeleton is an integrated framework of 206 bones which supports the soft tissue and protects the vital organs (McKinley & O’Loughlin, 2008). The skeletal system has been classified as the axial skeleton, comprising of the bones lying along the central axis of the body, which includes the skull, the vertebral column and the rib cage; and the appendicular skeleton, comprising the bones of the arms and legs, as well as the pelvic and the pectoral girdles (McKinley & O’Loughlin, 2008). The appendicular skeleton is more pertinent as far as the body movements are concerned although the axial skeleton is by no means non-contributory, as it provides the central a xis or the pivot around which the body movements occur. The mandible is the mobile portion in the skull and the vertebrae too glide to a certain extent to impart flexibility to the vertebral column. The appendicular skeleton however shows a great degree of motility and is responsible for locomotion. The upper and the lower limbs emanate from the pectoral and the pelvic girdle respectively while the ribs form a bony cage to protect the vital organs. The skeleton provides the hard, bony framework for the origin as well as insertion of the skeletal muscles, the contraction and relaxation of which is actually responsible for locomotion. The skeletal muscles are highly specialized and often occur in pairs to produce movement antagonistic to each other. The movement of the joints can vary from simple gliding, rotation, adduction, abduction, flexion and extension. The muscles are firmly attached to the bones through specialized structures called ligaments and tendons and movements occur in the form of levers of the 1st, 2nd and the 3rd order. 3) In no more than 250 words describe and provide examples of each synovial joint. Synovial joints are freely mobile articulations in which the participating bones are separated by a space called joint cavity (McKinley & O’Loughlin, 2008). These joints are freely mobile and are functionally classified as diarthrosis. There are four synovial joints in the human skeleton viz. the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint; the temporomandibular joint; the elbow, and the knee joint (McKinley & O’

The Lord of the Flies Journal Entry Chapter 2 Essay Example for Free

The Lord of the Flies Journal Entry Chapter 2 Essay Day 1 Today’s events have left me thinking a bit. After we got back from exploring the island, Ralph assembled another meeting to spread our new discoveries. We realized everyone would not stop talking at once, so Ralph decided that whoever holds the conch has the right to talk and can only be interrupted by Ralph himself. Great idea at first, until that fat, useless oaf Piggy took it. He wouldn’t stop worrying and whining about getting rescued. Ralph said it himself, his dad’s a navy commander and will probably have us rescued in a few days. I don’t understand why he doesn’t have faith in Ralph like the others. After a while, Ralph brought up the great idea of making a fire in order to signal the rescuers we would be on the island. I knew there was little time to waste just sitting around, so I led the group into the forest to gather firewood. Upon gathering wood, I was the one who came up with the idea of using Fatty’s specs as burning glasses. Still, I had never imagined that keeping a fire burning would be so hard! Later, I humbly offered the choir to maintain the fire in shifts. Everything went well until that swine Piggy decided to speak out again. He kept repeating himself about how building a fire was a bad choice, even though he didn’t contribute squat to anything to begin with. Still, bigger problems arose to overshadow his stupidity. The fire we thought had been put out actually spread and began burning down a chunk of the forest. To top it off, we are now missing a little shrimp with a mulberry-colored scar on his face. I remember him as the one who wouldn’t stop scaring others by talking about the â€Å"beasties in the forest†. Stupid kids always getting themselves into trouble. As the leader of the hunters, I will definitely find him.

The Peace of Westphalia, 1648

The Peace of Westphalia, 1648 In 1648, the Peace of Westphalia signalled the end of a decades old European conflict. It is difficult to decipher the true meaning of the Peace of Westphalia because it represented the end of a war which ended in a way which was different from where it began. Religious confrontation morphed into a struggle and opportunity to advance state strategic interests. However, Leo Gross, Andreas Osiander, and Derek Croxton each make varying arguments on the effects of the Peace of Westphalia. In The Peace of Westphalia, 1648-1948, Leo Gross contends that the Peace of Westphalia is significant because it consecrated the principle of toleration by establishing the equality between Protestant and Catholic states and by providing some safeguards for religious minorities.  [1]  Thus, he states the Peace of Westphalia was the starting point for the development of modern international law.  [2]  Essentially, no one country would have a right (divine or other) to have power over another, as each states was acknowledged as sovereign. However, although this would be nice in theory, history has shown that Europe bled itself dry because of conflicts in the centuries following the Peace of Westphalia. Gross states that the Peace of Westphalia marked mans abandonment of the idea of hierarchical structure of society and his opinion for a new system characterized by the coexistence of a multiplicity of states, each sovereign within its territory, equal to one another, and free fr om any external earthly authority.  [3]  This statement is fundamentally flawed, although perhaps in theory, each state was equal they were absolutely not equal. It would be foolish to treat all states following the Peace of Westphalia as equally sovereign. For example he German states gained the right to ally themselves with states outside of the Holy Roman Empire, but the Swiss and the Dutch gained de facto sovereignty. Gross strengthens his argument when he acknowledges precedents set by previous treaties; however his constant romanticization of the Peace of Westphalia harms his argument, as it seems he focuses on his nostalgic viewpoint of the Peace of Westphalia.  [4]  Because no formal declaration of sovereignty existed at the time of the Peace of Westphalia, the parties involved found it individually beneficial to advance their national strategic interests, by enhancing state power. For example, Frances cardinal Richelieu was a brilliant realist strategist. Even thoug h the Austria and Spain were Catholic powers, he believed that Frances national interest could be advanced by opposing these two powers. France even continued to fight Spain while seeking a separate peace with Austria. Moreover, Grosss argument contains a glaring post hoc ergo. Gross states that we should search not so much in the text of the treaties themselves as in their implications, in the broad conceptions on which they rest and the developments to which they provided impetus.  [5]  The fallacy is that Gross claims that because the Peace of Westphalia was before our modern conception of sovereignty, it does not necessarily follow that the Peace of Westphalia alone created our modern conception of sovereignty. There were many more factors at play. Grosss argument is too straightforward as it assumes that all actors following the war were fundamentally equal. In Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth, Andreas Osiander contends that The Peace of Westphalia is a product of nineteenth and twentieth century fixation on the concept of sovereignty. I conclude by discussing how what I call the ideology of sovereignty has hampered the development of IR theory  [6]  According to Osiander the (Thirty Years) war continued because the Swedish and French crowns wanted to enhance their positions in Europe.  [7]  He comes to a conclusion that if the war war not fought to ward off a threat to the independence of other European actors posed by the Hasburg dynasty, then the tradition of the 1648 peace cannot be right either  [8]  Nineteenth and twentieth century historians readily espoused the view somehow that the Danes, Dutch, French, and Swedes were really defending themselves while also selflessly helping others to ward off oppression  [9]  He claims this is why the Peace of Westphalia is often seen as an anti-he gemonial order.  [10]  He directly accuses Leo Gross as spreading this false view. Osiander claims that many subsequent literature on this view, assume Grosss views to be self evident and implied in the treaty. Osiner strengthens his argument when he quotes another scholar who agree with him, Stephen Krassner. Osiander claims that history has viewed the Hasburgs as the villains of the Thirty Years War, and that the original crisis did not break out because the Hasburgs were powerful, but because they were weak.  [11]  Andreas Osiander views the Peace of Westphalia through the viewpoint of a postmodernist. He is challenging our previous knowledge of the Peace of Westphalia, and underlying assumptions held by previous scholars. He is purposely reversing traditional notions of historical interpretations such as the belief of the Hasburg dynasty as the villains of the Thirty Years War. Osiander is correct to warn there may be a harm of placing our values, our beliefs, onto histo rical events. Osianders argument is important as it forces us to re-examine commonly held beliefs about the Peace of Westphalia and its significance. Moreover he claims that Sovereignty as currently understood does not go back to the seventeenth century; that even then and nevertheless, relations among autonomous actors were perfectly possible without waiting for the concept to be invented; that the degree of autonomy of the actors might very.  [12]  He strengthens his argument when he acknowledges that the relationships between the actors involved in the Peace of Westphalia were very complex. In The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and the Origins of Sovereignty, Derek Croxton doubts as whole, that sovereignty was a main principle of the Peace of Westphalia. Croxtons main argument is that de facto sovereign states existed at a time when few statesmen had anything like the modern conception of sovereign equality as the founding notion of the international system.  [13]  Croxton acknowledges that the main difficulty of the origins of sovereignty lies not in rulers which claims themselves to be sovereign but other leaders who acknowledge that sovereignty.  [14]  He accurately points out that papal authority was already in decline, the Peace of Westphalia just quickened the pace of the decline.  [15]  Croxton states that many scholars claim that sovereignty was dispersed to kings and princes in the Holy Roman Empire following its defeat in the Thirty Years war. However, he bluntly and correctly notes that the Holy Roman Empire lasted for another 158 years  [16]  an d that although the estates were given new rights, including the right to make alliances with outside powers and a territorial right of dominions, the rights demonstrate the limits to their sovereignty rather than its triumph superiority within their own.  [17]  Moreover, Croxton claims that The idea of sovereignty was not new in the 1640s; the question was whether sovereignty should be multipolar.  [18]  This view correctly challenges the assumption that the Peace of Westphalia was a groundbreaking event, even though it did make changes to the international system of politics. Throughout the readings, it is apparent that the relationship between the European states was very complicated, intricate, and included interrelationships based upon numerous factors. These factors could include a balance of religious, imperial, interstate and intrastate relationships. The Peace of Westphalia promoted the division of power, but ironically it also created a new balance of power among the European states. The The Peace of Westphalia promoted more moderation on behalf of all states, as whenever a power tried to dominate Europe (i.e. Napoleonic France or Hitlers Germany), there emerged a coalition of opposing forces to restore the balance of power. The balance of power did not avoid crisis, but it did create an equilibrium in which no one state had the ability to completely dominate the others.

Anorexia Nervosa :: essays research papers

Websites promoting anorexia, created by anorexics themselves, are of growing concern. The Eating Disorders Association estimates there are an estimated ten million women and one million men suffering from anorexia, bulimia, and compulsive eating in the US alone. Pro-Anna sites are helping to give incentive to sufferers to throw up their last meal and to reinforce their 500-calorie-a-day diet. These so-called clubs may not cause anorexia but they encourage members to lose weight and avoid recovery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first website I visited was called â€Å"Ana Angel 112 (www.envy.nu/anaangel112/).† I found this website through Yahoo by typing in â€Å"pro anna.† The opening page of this site declares that it is a pro-anna site and that anyone who was not anorexic must leave. A 19-year old girl named Kristen who is 5’7† and weighs 145 pounds created this site. She started this site for motivation to reach her ideal weight of 112 pounds and a size four figure. There have been 1914 visitors to this website.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As I clicked my way through each page of this site, I was astonished to see all the strategies mentioned to lose weight. For instance, the 2-4-6-8 Plan consists of a five day plan where one would intake 200 calories on day one, 400 calories on day two, 600 calories on day three, 800 calories on day four, and between 900 and 100 calories on day five. This was especially striking to me because the thought of someone eating only two hundred calories a day is sickening. There was also a page of tips that includes the advice to â€Å"start a pro-anna website this way, you have to stick to your convictions, or else be hypocritical.† I found the tips to be very smart. The ways this girl gets around eating her food and the small things she does to lose weight seem very planned out. However, in the same effect, I find it sad that her life is consumed with how and what she eats, or doesn’t for that matter. There were no pictures or chat rooms in this site. Kri sten did encourage that people submit their thoughts by e-mail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second website I found through Yahoo was www.bluedragonfly.org. When I first opened the page I found pictures of beautiful models, all of which were extremely thin. The text on the screen included â€Å"6 Minutes in the Life of an Ana.† It was so heartbreaking to read that all of the six minutes were consumed on her weight and how others looked.

memory is a constructive and active process Essay

Memory is a subject that has been of much interest to psychologists for many years and various research has been carried out in aid of trying to understand how memory works. It can be understood that memory is compromised of three processes and three key subsystems which enable it to work and perform efficiently on a daily basis. The encoding process is where information is retrieved via what is known as sensory memory which is encoded either visually or semantically by attaching a meaning to a word. In terms of storage of memory, the information in the sensory memory is either held in short term memory where it can be recalled for a few minutes or long term memory where it can be recalled for several decades. However a topic of much debate is whether memory is a constructive or passive process. Memory as an active process can be explained as the concept of memories being altered, distorted or even constructed from external sources whereas passive memory is where information is recal led exactly as it is encoded. A claim has been made that memory is active and constructive therefore in order to evaluate this claim it is important to consider the relevant studies carried out in this area of cognitive psychology. (Brace and Roth, 2007) When looking at the processes involved in memory, it is clear that the circumstances play an important role in whether retrieval becomes an active or passive process. When information is unfamiliar or leading questions are asked about memories, this can affect our recall and the memories can become distorted which implies a constructive aspect when recalling information. A number of studies examining specific circumstances and their effects on memory support this concept. Encoding follows a similar principle, where depending on the circumstances the information is either encoded passively or constructed with a mix of new information and information stored in long term memory in order to attach meaning to the information. Storage on the other hand is primarily passive as the information is recorded  automatically. It is also important to take into account that there is not just one type of memory but that it can be split into two different categories, short term memory and long term memory.(Brace and Roth, 2007) When looking at short term memory specifically, it becomes clear that there is a conscious and active aspect to the process therefore supporting the claim at least partially that memory is constructive. This is demonstrated in Baddley and Hitch’s model of short term memory (as cited in Brace and Roth 2007) they claim that the short term memory is comparable to a â€Å"workbench† concept where new information is mixed with old memories and stored information in order to carry out a variety of processes depending on the specific circumstances. The main weakness with this theory or concept is the inability to visually see what is occuring in the brain. Although we can look at PET scans and see relative differences in the posterior Hippocampus when investigating the active part of memory as can be seen in Maguier et al’s study (as cited in Brace and Roth 2007) of taxi drivers where that specific section of the brain was enlarged. We are still unable to see the actual information being encoded or stored however the speculation and theories put forward support the concept of some aspects of short term memory being constructive. Moving onto the main memory processes, Bartletts â€Å"The war of the ghosts† study (as cited in Brace and Roth 2007) is particularly relevant when evaluating the claim of memory being an entirely constructive and active process. He chose a story specifically aimed to contain unfamiliar concepts to the participants. This allowed him to examine the effects of social and personal experiences on memory and recall. This study supports the concept of memory being constructive and dynamic because the evidence shows that instead of the story being encoded and stored in a manner that allowed the participants to recall it accurately and undistorted, the participants used previous experiences and concepts that made sense to them in order to encode and retrieve the information. This distortion or transformation of the facts directly points to memory being active as during the processing of the story, it is likely that elaborative rehearsal played a part in the method of encoding and storage as the participants were linking information to  existing knowledge in order to make sense of the story. However it is important to consider there was no control over any of the variables in the study therefore the findings from the experiment would be difficult to measure in terms of accuracy and reliability in relation to the claim proposed. Further support for the claim comes from a study carried out by Loftus and Palmer (1974, as cited in Brace and Roth 2007) which was designed to look at the effect of leading questions and the influence of linguistics on our memory of events. This study further supports the concept of memory being constructive as the information is being distorted through the participants own experiences, this shows that the memories are not being recalled accurately but are being recalled in a manner that the participant is merging past experiences and knowledge along with the study material. This combined with the suggestive nature of the verbs used could also affect the retrieval of memories by misattributing the source resulting in the participants believing something that may not be entirely accurate, in this case the speed of the cars and presence of glass in the video. Although when interpreting the findings, it is important to consider the confounding variable of individual differences I.e personal perception of speed which could effect the validity and generalisability of the data. The study also lacks ecological validity as witnessing the car crash via a media source would not evoke the same emotional response as a witnessing it first hand, which could effect the quality and detail of the information stored. In contrast, certain aspects of memory imply a passive aspect of memory as some types of memories are accurately stored and recalled with little or no distortion and rarely forgotten. In the Bahrick et al (1975, as cited in Brace and Roth 2007) study which looked at the recollection of faces and names of people from their graduating classes it was found that even after 35 years there was almost no forgetting and accurate recall of names and faces. This Study supports the aspect of memory being a passive process as the information encoded is being recalled accurately and over a long period of time. These types of memories are classed as enduring memories and little or no loss or distortion occurs until very old age where other factors could  be responsible. However a weakness of the study was that it only tested names and faces which is a small representation of the types of knowledge stored in long term memory so would be difficult to apply the findings to all aspects of long term memory. Brown and Kulik (1977, as cited in Brace and Roth 2007) created the term ‘flashbulb memories’ in relation to autobiographical memories and carried out an experiment to demonstrate this theory. This experiment focused on events that are surprising and provoke strong emotional responses. This study further supports the notion of memory being passive as long as certain conditions are met. In this particular case the event has to be important to the individual and has to evoke a strong emotional response. As long as these conditions are met an individual is able to store and recall their memories of the event very accurately or at least the reception of the event i.e. who they were with and when they first found out etc. The emotional aspect of the event and the importance to the individual means the information can be recalled exactly as it was encoded with little or no distortion. However, it is important to consider that the rehearsal effect may play an important part in the storage of the memories due to the emotional nature of the event it is possible that these memories are replayed or rehearsed more often than other memories. After evaluating the evidence in relation to the claim that memory is constructive and active, taking into account both the results and the inherent problems with the studies methodology the conclusion has to be drawn that whilst some aspects of memory are indeed constructive there are also passive elements in all three processes of memory. The studies carried out on the retrieval process of memory certainly show strong indication of memory being constructive and show that memories can be altered or distorted by a variety of factors meaning the information retrieved is subject to change. However looking at both the encoding and storage processes these have been shown to have both passive and constructive elements depending on the circumstances such as emotional responses and personal relevance. Therefore looking at memory as a single entity, it has to be seen as an amalgamation of both constructive and passive elements. (Brace and Roth,  2007) References : Brace, N and Roth, I (2007) ‘Memory : structures, processes and skills’ in D. Miell, A.Phoenix, & K.Thomas(Eds.) Mapping psychology, Milton Keynes, The Open University.